2024 Transformer xl

Transformer-XL achieves new state-of-the-art results on multiple language modeling benchmarks. Transformer-XL is also the first to break through the 1.0 barrier on char-level language modeling. Below is a summary.. Zandz liquor

Transformer-XL obtains strong results for both word-level and character-level language modeling applied to a variety of datasets such as WikiText-103, text8, and One Billion Word.For Transformer-XL, it is important that these are also what you use as an input to the self-attention. Therefore, at inference time, if you want to compute the states recursively by segments (presumably because you cannot fit the entire input int he memory), this is the only thing you need to remember from the previous steps to continue the ...Jan 9, 2019 · As a result, Transformer-XL learns dependency that is 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla Transformers, achieves better performance on both short and long sequences, and is up to 1,800+ times faster than vanilla Transformers during evaluation. Unlike the vanilla Transformer [7], MHA uses relative positional encodings from Transformer-XL [26]. The key component of Conformer is the Conv module which contains a pointwise convolution ...The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ...Gated Transformer-XL, or GTrXL, is a Transformer-based architecture for reinforcement learning. It introduces architectural modifications that improve the stability and learning speed of the original Transformer and XL variant. Changes include: Placing the layer normalization on only the input stream of the submodules. A key benefit to this reordering is that it now enables an identity map ... The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ...The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ...Feb 25, 2021 · As a side note, we remark that this conclusion is reached based on the assumption that key and query sizes are the same. It may be possible in a context like Transformer-XL, that there is global positional or contextual information that could be propagated in the network. In this case it might not be prudent to discard these contributions. Overview The XLNet model was proposed in XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding by Zhilin Yang, Zihang Dai, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Quoc V. Le. XLnet is an extension of the Transformer-XL model pre-trained using an autoregressive method to learn bidirectional contexts by maximizing the expected likelihood over all permutations of ...Transformer-XL presents a particular architecture that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. This means that attention-XL can take advantage of both the current input trajectory plus past trajectories to make predictions.Transformer-XL (from Google/CMU) released with the paper Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov.Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence.In addition, Transformer XL was used as the base architecture, which showed good performance even in the absence of permutation-based training. XLNet was trained with over 130 GB of textual data and 512 TPU chips running for 2.5 days, both of which ar e much larger than BERT.The Gated Transformer-XL (GTrXL; Parisotto, et al. 2019) is one attempt to use Transformer for RL. GTrXL succeeded in stabilizing training with two changes on top of Transformer-XL : The layer normalization is only applied on the input stream in a residual module, but NOT on the shortcut stream.Dec 1, 2020 · Existing Approaches for Long Document Transformers via Longformer Paper. The paper initially addresses the issues with existing long document transformers. Models like Transformer-XL partitions the input and apply full self-attention locally as well as in a cross-partition setting (to an extent). Fine-Tuning Transformer-XL on Clinical Natural Language Processing : Xianghao Zhan, Yiheng Li: Investigating Techniques for Improving NMT Systems for Low Resource Languages : Alex Lee, Pranav Kushagra Vaid: Pseudocode to Code Translation Using Transformers : Austin Brotman, Kaan Ertas, Nazli Ugur KoyluogluMar 1, 2021 · Huang et al. introduced a new way of computing relative positional encoding via a clever skewing operation. It seems that in the music transformer paper, the authors dropped the additional relative positional embedding that corresponds to the value term and focus only on the key component. In other words, the authors only focus on (1), not (2). Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ...in the streaming fashion, we introduce the Transformer-XL [3] based steaming model, which is computationally tractable for inference. Our results show that Transformer-XL is on par with latency-controlled BLSTM (LC-BLSTM) [15] with the same latency constraint. 2. Related Work There have been a few studies on Transformers for end-to-endIn addition, Transformer XL was used as the base architecture, which showed good performance even in the absence of permutation-based training. XLNet was trained with over 130 GB of textual data and 512 TPU chips running for 2.5 days, both of which ar e much larger than BERT.Write With Transformer is a webapp created and hosted by Hugging Face showcasing the generative capabilities of several models. GPT-2 is one of them and is available in five different sizes: small, medium, large, xl and a distilled version of the small checkpoint: distilgpt-2. This model was contributed by thomwolf.The transformer XL model comprises of a number of these layers. 46 class TransformerXLLayer(Module): d_model is the token embedding size. self_attn is the self attention module. feed_forward is the feed forward module. dropout_prob is the probability of dropping out after self attention and FFN. 52 def __init__(self, *, 53 d_model: int, 54 self ... Aug 12, 2019 · Check out the pytorch-transformers library from Hugging Face in addition to GPT2, it implements BERT, Transformer-XL, XLNet and other cutting-edge transformer models. Acknowledgements. Thanks to Lukasz Kaiser, Mathias Müller, Peter J. Liu, Ryan Sepassi and Mohammad Saleh for feedback on earlier versions of this post. Comments or corrections? {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"pytorch":{"items":[{"name":"utils","path":"pytorch/utils","contentType":"directory"},{"name":".DS_Store","path ... The Transformer XL is a new approach to deep learning models that are designed to handle long-sequence modeling tasks. It is an extension of the Transformer architecture that was first introduced ...Transformer-XL achieved SOTA results following datasets - WikiText-103, enwik8, text8, One Billion Word and Penn Treebank. Transformer-XL has also been used to generate text. Examples are given at ...Transformer-XL (from Google/CMU) released with the paper Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov.Figure 1. Example of the BERT’s pre-training objective. Top) The MLM; Bottom) Next sentence Prediction. BERT uses these methods for pre-training a model to learn the basics of the language.Jul 18, 2019 · Transformer-XL. Transformer networks are limited by a fixed-length context and thus can be improved through learning longer-term dependency. That’s why Google proposed a novel method called Transformer-XL (meaning extra long) for language modeling, which enables a Transformer architecture to learn longer-term dependency. Transformer-XL is up ... Transformer-XL is up to 1,800+ times faster than a vanilla Transformer during evaluation on language modeling tasks, because no re-computation is needed (see figures above). Transformer-XL has better performance in perplexity (more accurate at predicting a sample) on long sequences because of long-term dependency modeling, and also on short ...Transformer XL is an important variation of Transformers as it improves upon a major shortcoming of transformers, context fragmentation. It improved the speed of training and allowed the model to capture longer dependencies. Improvements upon this transformer like the XLNet are beating BERT at critical language tasks.Jul 26, 2019 · Transformer-XL achieved SOTA results following datasets - WikiText-103, enwik8, text8, One Billion Word and Penn Treebank. Transformer-XL has also been used to generate text. Examples are given at ... Mar 7, 2021 · Absolutely fantastic SOTA Google Colab (Jupyter) Notebooks to easily and quickly train a SOTA Music AI model and for generating music with Transformer technology (Google XLNet/Transformer-XL) Huge thanks goes to creators of the original repos/code that made these amazing Notebooks possible :) Thank you very much and the credit is all yours :) Per the original Transformer-XL, we also implement an adaptive softmax layer (Grave et. al. 2017, https: ...Write With Transformer is a webapp created and hosted by Hugging Face showcasing the generative capabilities of several models. GPT-2 is one of them and is available in five different sizes: small, medium, large, xl and a distilled version of the small checkpoint: distilgpt-2. This model was contributed by thomwolf. The Gated Transformer-XL (GTrXL; Parisotto, et al. 2019) is one attempt to use Transformer for RL. GTrXL succeeded in stabilizing training with two changes on top of Transformer-XL : The layer normalization is only applied on the input stream in a residual module, but NOT on the shortcut stream.Oct 11, 2020. 1. This paper (“Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context”) was published in ACL 2019, one of the top NLP conferences, by researchers at Google AI. It proposes Transformer-XL, a new architecture that enables natural language understanding beyond a fixed-length context without disrupting temporal ...Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ...Hi, you will likely need to adapt this example since Transformer-XL uses memory cells but there is no ready to use example for fine-tuning Transformer-XL in the repo unfortunately (and I don't plan to add one in the near future). If you want to give it a try feel free to ask more specific questions here.The transformer XL is a newer version from the Transformer (it’s extra long). It is derived from the vanilla Transformer, but introduces the recurrence mechanism and relative positional encoding. In Transformer-XL, instead of computing the hidden state from scratch for each segment, the model will keep the hidden state of the previously ...Dec 5, 2022 · Chinese-Transformer-XL. Under construction. 本项目提供了智源研究院"文汇" 预训练模型Chinese-Transformer-XL的预训练和文本生成代码。 in the streaming fashion, we introduce the Transformer-XL [3] based steaming model, which is computationally tractable for inference. Our results show that Transformer-XL is on par with latency-controlled BLSTM (LC-BLSTM) [15] with the same latency constraint. 2. Related Work There have been a few studies on Transformers for end-to-end基于Transformer 的双向编码器表征技术 BERT是谷歌发布的基于双向 Transformer的大规模预训练语言模型，该预训练模型能高效抽取文本信息并应用于各种NLP任务，并刷新了 11 项 NLP 任务的当前最优性能记录。In particular, Transformer-XL backbone and the permutation LM play a heavy role in improving XLNet’s performance over that of BERT. RACE (ReAding Comprehension from Examinations) dataset is a ...Number of transformer blocks: embed_dim: Embedding size of every layer inside a transformer block: num_heads: Number of heads used in the transformer's multi-head attention mechanism: memory_length: Length of the sliding episodic memory window: positional_encoding: Relative and learned positional encodings can be used: layer_normPyTorch-Transformers (formerly known as pytorch-pretrained-bert) is a library of state-of-the-art pre-trained models for Natural Language Processing (NLP). The library currently contains PyTorch implementations, pre-trained model weights, usage scripts and conversion utilities for the following models: BERT (from Google) released with the paper ...transformer xl在中文文本生成上的尝试（可写小说、古诗）（transformer xl for text generation of chinese） - GitHub - GaoPeng97/transformer-xl ...Feb 5, 2019 · Transformer-XL dependency is about 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla Transformers. Transformer-XL is up to 1,800+ times faster than a vanilla Transformer during evaluation of language modeling tasks as no re-computation is needed. Transformer-XL has better performance in perplexity on long sequences due to long-term dependency ... Transformer-XL is a transformer-based language model with a segment-level recurrence and a novel relative positional encoding. Enhancements introduced in Transformer-XL help capture better long-term dependencies by attending to tokens from multiple previous segments. Our implementation is based on the codebase published by the authors of the ...Figure 1. Example of the BERT’s pre-training objective. Top) The MLM; Bottom) Next sentence Prediction. BERT uses these methods for pre-training a model to learn the basics of the language.Transformer-XL achieves new state-of-the-art results on multiple language modeling benchmarks. Transformer-XL is also the first to break through the 1.0 barrier on char-level language modeling. Below is a summary.摘要：Transformer 网络具有学习更长期依赖性的潜力，但这种潜力往往会受到语言建模中上下文长度固定的限制。因此，我们提出了一种叫做 Transformer-XL 的新神经架构来解决这一问题，它可以在不破坏时间一致性的情况下，让 Transformer 超越固定长度学习依赖性。Apr 4, 2023 · Transformer-XL is a transformer-based language model with a segment-level recurrence and a novel relative positional encoding. Enhancements introduced in Transformer-XL help capture better long-term dependencies by attending to tokens from multiple previous segments. Our implementation is based on the codebase published by the authors of the ... Transformer-XL. Transformer networks are limited by a fixed-length context and thus can be improved through learning longer-term dependency. That’s why Google proposed a novel method called Transformer-XL (meaning extra long) for language modeling, which enables a Transformer architecture to learn longer-term dependency. Transformer-XL is up ...Transformer Architecture. XLNET integrates ideas from Transformer-XL, the state-of-the-art autoregressive model into pretraining. Transformer is a model used for language translation purposes by google. It basically revolves around “attention”. It is an encoder-decoder model where you map one sequence to another — English to French.Transformer-XL is a transformer-based language model with a segment-level recurrence and a novel relative positional encoding. Enhancements introduced in Transformer-XL help capture better long-term dependencies by attending to tokens from multiple previous segments. Our implementation is based on the codebase published by the authors of the ...教你怎样用Transformer-XL及其进化XLNet. 最近又重新读了Transformer-XL和XLNet的论文和代码，又有很多新的感悟。. 其中，要想搞懂XLNet的同学一定要首先明白Transofrmer-XL，因为XLNet是基于Transformer-XL进行改进的。. tips：Transformer-XL投稿是被ICLR 2019拒稿的，作者基于Transformer ...Transformer-XL. The Transformer-XL model is based on a similar idea as the vanilla model, but with some corrections. In the following subsections we’ll be discussing the contributions of the Transformer-XL architecture and see how it was able to achieve the state of the art. XL stands for eXtra Long. Segment Recurrence MechanismThe Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ...Transformer-XL presents a particular architecture that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. This means that attention-XL can take advantage of both the current input trajectory plus past trajectories to make predictions.Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence.Jun 15, 2020 · Transformers Xl was released about a year ago and the main motive behind it was to improve more over vanilla transformers. Transformers XL was made to address the problem of context fragmentation. The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ...Aug 19, 2020 · For Transformer-XL, it is important that these are also what you use as an input to the self-attention. Therefore, at inference time, if you want to compute the states recursively by segments (presumably because you cannot fit the entire input int he memory), this is the only thing you need to remember from the previous steps to continue the ... Gated Transformer-XL, or GTrXL, is a Transformer-based architecture for reinforcement learning. It introduces architectural modifications that improve the stability and learning speed of the original Transformer and XL variant. Changes include: Placing the layer normalization on only the input stream of the submodules. A key benefit to this reordering is that it now enables an identity map ... Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ...PyTorch-Transformers (formerly known as pytorch-pretrained-bert) is a library of state-of-the-art pre-trained models for Natural Language Processing (NLP). The library currently contains PyTorch implementations, pre-trained model weights, usage scripts and conversion utilities for the following models: BERT (from Google) released with the paper ...Apr 1, 2019 · Hi, you will likely need to adapt this example since Transformer-XL uses memory cells but there is no ready to use example for fine-tuning Transformer-XL in the repo unfortunately (and I don't plan to add one in the near future). If you want to give it a try feel free to ask more specific questions here. Number of heads used in the transformer's multi-head attention mechanism: memory_length: Length of the sliding episodic memory window: positional_encoding: Relative and learned positional encodings can be used: layer_norm: Whether to apply layer normalization before or after every transformer component. Mar 13, 2021 · Transformer XL is an important variation of Transformers as it improves upon a major shortcoming of transformers, context fragmentation. It improved the speed of training and allowed the model to capture longer dependencies. Improvements upon this transformer like the XLNet are beating BERT at critical language tasks. Unlike the vanilla Transformer [7], MHA uses relative positional encodings from Transformer-XL [26]. The key component of Conformer is the Conv module which contains a pointwise convolution ...Under the model size constraint, the 12-layer Transformer-XL achieves a new SoTA result, outperforming the 12-layer vanilla Transformer from Al-Rfou et al. (2018) (T64) by 0.05. By increasing model sizes, 18-layer and 24-layer Transformer-XLs are trained with attention length is set to 784 during training and 3800 during evaluation.Mar 13, 2021 · Transformer XL is an important variation of Transformers as it improves upon a major shortcoming of transformers, context fragmentation. It improved the speed of training and allowed the model to capture longer dependencies. Improvements upon this transformer like the XLNet are beating BERT at critical language tasks. PyTorch-Transformers (formerly known as pytorch-pretrained-bert) is a library of state-of-the-art pre-trained models for Natural Language Processing (NLP). The library currently contains PyTorch implementations, pre-trained model weights, usage scripts and conversion utilities for the following models: BERT (from Google) released with the paper ...As a side note, we remark that this conclusion is reached based on the assumption that key and query sizes are the same. It may be possible in a context like Transformer-XL, that there is global positional or contextual information that could be propagated in the network. In this case it might not be prudent to discard these contributions.Unlike the vanilla Transformer [7], MHA uses relative positional encodings from Transformer-XL [26]. The key component of Conformer is the Conv module which contains a pointwise convolution ...Discussions. Full-attention multi-instrumental music transformer featuring asymmetrical encoding with octo-velocity, and chords counters tokens, optimized for speed and performance. music music-composition artificial-intelligence music-generation music-transformer music-ai. Updated on May 29. Mar 15, 2022 · Transformer-XL was able to learn dependency 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than Vanilla Transformer. You heard it right, a whooping 450%! Transformer-XL is also a mind-blowing 1800 times faster than Vanilla Transformers. These numbers are very huge claims. Let’s dig deep into the architecture and understand the mechanism by which it is ... Aug 6, 2021 · 教你怎样用Transformer-XL及其进化XLNet. 最近又重新读了Transformer-XL和XLNet的论文和代码，又有很多新的感悟。. 其中，要想搞懂XLNet的同学一定要首先明白Transofrmer-XL，因为XLNet是基于Transformer-XL进行改进的。. tips：Transformer-XL投稿是被ICLR 2019拒稿的，作者基于Transformer ... 이번 글에서는 ACL 2019에서 발표된 “Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context”를 리뷰하려고 합니다. 본 논문은 기존의 Transformer 구조를 이용한 고정된 길이(Fixed-Length) Language Model의 한계점을 지적하고 더 긴 의존성을 이용할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시합니다.

Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ... . Is dollar50 an hour good

Model architecture. The model is built from the transformer-XL [ 7] architecture. In general, transformer models are increasingly replacing recurrent neural networks, as these architectures have shown to be better suited for optimization on sequential data, resulting in improved training times and performances.Dec 5, 2022 · Chinese-Transformer-XL. Under construction. 本项目提供了智源研究院"文汇" 预训练模型Chinese-Transformer-XL的预训练和文本生成代码。 Hi, you will likely need to adapt this example since Transformer-XL uses memory cells but there is no ready to use example for fine-tuning Transformer-XL in the repo unfortunately (and I don't plan to add one in the near future). If you want to give it a try feel free to ask more specific questions here.The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ... Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a ﬁxed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural ar-chitecture Transformer-XL that enables learn-ing dependency beyond a ﬁxed length with-out disrupting temporal coherence. It con-sists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai, Zhilin Yang, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ... Jan 18, 2019 · 摘要：Transformer 网络具有学习更长期依赖性的潜力，但这种潜力往往会受到语言建模中上下文长度固定的限制。因此，我们提出了一种叫做 Transformer-XL 的新神经架构来解决这一问题，它可以在不破坏时间一致性的情况下，让 Transformer 超越固定长度学习依赖性。 Write With Transformer is a webapp created and hosted by Hugging Face showcasing the generative capabilities of several models. GPT-2 is one of them and is available in five different sizes: small, medium, large, xl and a distilled version of the small checkpoint: distilgpt-2. This model was contributed by thomwolf.Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ...The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai, Zhilin Yang, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ...Jul 18, 2019 · Transformer-XL. Transformer networks are limited by a fixed-length context and thus can be improved through learning longer-term dependency. That’s why Google proposed a novel method called Transformer-XL (meaning extra long) for language modeling, which enables a Transformer architecture to learn longer-term dependency. Transformer-XL is up ... in the streaming fashion, we introduce the Transformer-XL [3] based steaming model, which is computationally tractable for inference. Our results show that Transformer-XL is on par with latency-controlled BLSTM (LC-BLSTM) [15] with the same latency constraint. 2. Related Work There have been a few studies on Transformers for end-to-end .

Popular Topics